Journal of Agricultural Policy and Transformation
type: channel
description: AgriPaT – Journal of Agricultural Policy & Transformation is an international, peer-reviewed journal committed to advancing high-quality research and informed dialogue on agricultural policy, socio-economic transformation, sustainability, and innovation. It serves as a global platform that connects academic scholarship with policy and practice, aiming to influence decision-making and support institutional reforms in agriculture and rural development. Emphasizing the integration of global perspectives with local realities, the journal encourages contributions from both developed and developing regions and promotes comparative, multidisciplinary research that addresses structural challenges and fosters resilient, inclusive, and sustainable agri-food systems. Through a rigorous double-blind peer-review process, AgriPaT publishes research articles, reviews, special issues, and commentaries that provide both theoretical insights and practical solutions. By engaging academics, policymakers, and practitioners, the journal seeks to catalyze evidence-based dialogue and contribute to equitable, future-ready agricultural transformation in the face of climate change, resource constraints, and evolving socio-economic dynamics.
publisher: The AgEcon Frontiers (sPvt.) Ltd.
language: en
publication name: Journal of Agricultural Policy and Transformation
issn: 3134-819X
copyright: All articles published in AgriPaT are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
items: EXAMINING THE ADVANTAGES: SOLAR ENERGY ADOPTION FOR IRRIGATION AS COMPARED TO DIESEL AND ELECTRICITY USAGE IN JHANG DISTRICT, PUNJAB
items: Financial Viability of Conservation Agriculture Tillage Technologies in Bangladesh: Evidence from Two-Wheel Power Tiller-Operated Implements
items: Production and Export Challenges of Banana Farmers: The Role of Digital Agricultural Solutions in Afgoi District, Somalia
items: Climate Mitigation, Campus Carbon Accounting, and Sustainability Transition in Higher Education: Evidence from Pakistan
items: Environmental Regulation and Financial Reallocation: Evidence from China’s Incentive Penalty Policy
items: Carbon and Water Footprints of Cotton Production in Punjab, Pakistan: Implications for Climate-Smart Agricultural Policy
items: Member-level Livelihood Outcomes and Governance Pathways in Community Forest Enterprise (CFE) to Achieving Sustainability: Evidence from West Sumatra, Indonesia
items: Vanishing Farmland, Rising Risk: Agricultural Land Conversion, Housing Societies, and Food Security in Punjab, Pakistan
items: Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptation in Punjab, Pakistan
items: Agro-Climatic Adaptability and Performance Evaluation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties in the Hazara Region of Pakistan
items: Public Perceptions of Local Government in Pakistan: A Survey-Based Assessment
items: Food Insecurity, Oral Health, and Nutritional Status among University Students in Faisalabad, Pakistan
items: Policy and practice for building climate-resilient agricultural systems, India
items: Factors affecting animals' health management practices among women livestock keepers in rural areas: insights from district Faisalabad
items: Digital Banking Beyond Access: Institutional and Adoption Dynamics of FinTech in South and Southeast Asia
items: Eco-Friendly Biochar for Stress Mitigation and Sustainable Crop Farming
items: The Role of Defence Savings Certificates in Pakistan’s GDP Performance
items: Institutional Governance and Smart Resource Management in Faisalabad’s Industrial Sector
items: Assessing Socioeconomic Predictors of Nutritional Quality in Urban Households: A Case Study of Faisalabad, Punjab
items: Climate Change, Agricultural Performance, and Resilience in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis
items: Innovation Subsidy Design and Payments for Ecosystem Services: A Mixed-Methods Approach to Multilateral Environmental Governance
items: Bridging the Knowledge-Practice Gap through Participatory Field Distillation of Eucalyptus Essential Oils in Punjab, Pakistan
items: Local government system in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh: Review of research priorities and gaps
items: An Empirical Analysis of Financial Development, Energy Consumption, and Ecological Footprint in Pakistan
items: Classification and Distribution Analysis of Crop Types in Mauza Mustafabad Using GIS: Implications for Agricultural Policy and Land Use
items: Climate Change Adaptation and Farmers’ Resilience in Pakistan
items: Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Agricultural Marketing: Evidence from Farmers in Faisalabad, Pakistan
items: Determinants of Solar-Powered Irrigation System Adoption Among Rice Farmers in Hafizabad, Pakistan
items: Winter Tourism Route in Aladağlar

EXAMINING THE ADVANTAGES: SOLAR ENERGY ADOPTION FOR IRRIGATION AS COMPARED TO DIESEL AND ELECTRICITY USAGE IN JHANG DISTRICT, PUNJAB
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Irrigation systems, Cost and benefit, Solar system, CO2 Emission Subjects: Irrigation systems, Cost and benefit, Solar system, CO2 Emission, Comparison of Solar System and conventional Irrigation systems Disciplines: Economics, Environmental Economics, Renewable Energy Studies It is no longer practical to run all agricultural equipment on electricity supplied by the government, and the reason is the high production cost of electricity and its increasing demand. A detailed comparative analysis conducted in District Jhang, Punjab, examined solar-powered irrigation systems against traditional diesel and electricity-based alternatives for cultivating staple crops like rice and wheat. The study utilized field surveys and data analysis to evaluate performance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact, including CO₂ emissions. The conclusions strongly favored the solar power system surpassed traditional systems in terms of Net Present Value due to its use of a free energy source and significantly reduced CO₂ emissions. The solar system is the most economically advantageous due to its highest net present value for both CR1 and CR2, making it the most productive and financially feasible technology for the study area. Several other factors were considered, including farmer satisfaction levels, energy prices, and crop productivity. The study adds valuable insights for policymakers and improves renewable energy irrigation systems.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Irrigation systems, Cost and benefit, Solar system, CO2 Emission
  topic: keywords
subject: Irrigation systems, Cost and benefit, Solar system, CO2 Emission
  topic: subjects
subject: Comparison of Solar System and conventional Irrigation systems
  topic: subjects
subject: Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Environmental Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Renewable Energy Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Muhammad Farhan Azmat Muhammad Farhan Azmat
creator: Neelam Rana
creator: Muzaffar Ali Muzaffar Ali
creator: Abida Waqas Abida Waqas
creator: Abrar Hassan Abrar Hassan
creator: Almazea Fatima Almazea Fatima
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-19
publication date: 2026-07-19
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.4.68

Financial Viability of Conservation Agriculture Tillage Technologies in Bangladesh: Evidence from Two-Wheel Power Tiller-Operated Implements
type: item
description: Section: Special Issue: Transforming Agri-Food Systems under Climate, Resource, and Market Pressures Keywords: CA technology, Service provider, Bangladesh, Financial analysis Subjects: CA technology, Service provider, Bangladesh, Financial analysis Disciplines: Agriculture Economics Conservation agriculture (CA) offers a sustainable alternative to intensive tillage, yet its adoption remains constrained by limited evidence on the profitability of CA technologies. This study evaluates the financial viability of two-wheel power tiller-operated CA implements, the Versatile Multi-crop Planter (VMP) and the Power Tiller-Operated Seeder (PTOS), among service providers in Bangladesh. Data were collected from 60 purposively selected service providers in Rajshahi and Rajbari districts and analyzed using discounted cash flow techniques over a seven-year period at an 11% discount rate. Both technologies proved financially viable, generating positive net present values (VMP: BDT 102,088; PTOS: BDT 74,723) and internal rates of return exceeding the prevailing bank interest rate (VMP: 35%; PTOS: 24%). VMP consistently outperformed PTOS across all financial indicators. Sensitivity analysis identified operation and maintenance costs and gross benefits as the key determinants of profitability. The findings support targeted financial incentives, improved credit access, and technical improvements to enhance CA technology adoption and sustainable mechanization in Bangladesh.
subject: Special Issue: Transforming Agri-Food Systems under Climate, Resource, and Market Pressures
  topic: section
subject: CA technology, Service provider, Bangladesh, Financial analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: CA technology, Service provider, Bangladesh, Financial analysis
  topic: subjects
subject: Agriculture Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Anamika Nasrin
creator: Meherunnesa Sumy
creator: Shahjahan Kabir
creator: Kulsum Akter
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.SI.88

Production and Export Challenges of Banana Farmers: The Role of Digital Agricultural Solutions in Afgoi District, Somalia
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Banana production; Digital agriculture; Export challenges; Market access; Climate resilience; Somalia Banana production is an important source of income and food security in Somalia, particularly in Afgoi District. However, farmers face numerous production and export constraints that limit productivity and market competitiveness. This study assessed the key challenges affecting banana farming and explored the potential of digital agricultural technologies to improve production and export performance. Using a descriptive quantitative research design, data were collected from 80 respondents, including large-scale farmers, small-scale farmers, and consultants, through structured questionnaires. The findings identified limited mechanization, inadequate access to improved banana varieties, improper input use, poor infrastructure, security challenges, and climate-related shocks as major constraints. Respondents also recognized the benefits of digital technologies, particularly weather forecasting and mobile-based information services, for enhancing farm management and market access. The study concludes that improving agronomic practices, infrastructure, and adoption of digital technology is essential for strengthening banana production and export performance in Afgoi District.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Banana production; Digital agriculture; Export challenges; Market access; Climate resilience; Somalia
  topic: keywords
creator: OMAR MOHAMED MUMIN
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-28
publication date: 2026-06-28
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.3.91

Climate Mitigation, Campus Carbon Accounting, and Sustainability Transition in Higher Education: Evidence from Pakistan
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: carbon footprint; campus carbon accounting; climate mitigation; low-carbon transition; higher education; Pakistan Higher education institutions have an important role in climate mitigation, yet campus greenhouse gas inventories remain limited in developing countries. This study estimates the carbon footprint of the University of Swabi, Pakistan, for 2025 using the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Emissions from university-operated transport (Scope 1), purchased electricity (Scope 2), and private commuting and solid waste (Scope 3) were quantified using institutional records and Pakistan-specific emission factors. The university's total annual carbon footprint was estimated at 855.49 tCO₂e, with purchased electricity contributing 46.38%, private commuting 36.75%, solid waste 15.91%, and university transport 0.98%. The per capita footprint was approximately 0.19 tCO₂e, reflecting the institution's relatively small size and developing infrastructure. Sensitivity analysis indicated total emissions could range from 684 to 1,027 tCO₂e under alternative assumptions. The findings identify electricity consumption and commuting as the principal emission sources and highlight the need for improved carbon accounting, renewable energy adoption, energy efficiency, sustainable transport, waste management, and institutional sustainability governance. This study provides a baseline for monitoring campus emissions and supports low-carbon university development in resource-constrained settings.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: carbon footprint; campus carbon accounting; climate mitigation; low-carbon transition; higher education; Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Farhana Gul
creator: Laiba Urooj
creator: Samiullah Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-28
publication date: 2026-06-28
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.3.93

Environmental Regulation and Financial Reallocation: Evidence from China’s Incentive Penalty Policy
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Environmental regulation, Incentive-penalty policy, Corporate investment, Financial reallocation, Staggered difference-in-differences, Green finance, Financial constraints This study examines the causal effects of China’s Environmental Compensation Incentives and Penalties (ECIP) policy on corporate investment and financial behavior using panel data from Chinese A-listed firms (2013–2024) and a staggered difference-in-differences approach. The results show that ECIP significantly reduces corporate investment intensity and cash holdings while improving short-term profitability and operating cash flows. Mechanism analysis indicates that these outcomes are driven primarily by financing constraints and internal financial reallocation rather than productivity improvements, challenging the conventional Porter Hypothesis. Heterogeneity analysis reveals stronger effects among firms with limited pre-policy cash reserves, suggesting that financially constrained firms bear a disproportionate adjustment burden. Event-study and placebo tests confirm the robustness of the findings. Overall, although ECIP enhances short-term financial discipline, it may discourage long-term investment and intensify financial pressure. The study recommends complementary green finance initiatives and differentiated compliance mechanisms to mitigate the unintended financial consequences of environmental regulation while supporting sustainable corporate growth.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Environmental regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Incentive-penalty policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Corporate investment
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial reallocation
  topic: keywords
subject: Staggered difference-in-differences
  topic: keywords
subject: Green finance
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial constraints
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Raza
creator: Abdul Majeed Nadeem
creator: Qasir Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.3.95

Carbon and Water Footprints of Cotton Production in Punjab, Pakistan: Implications for Climate-Smart Agricultural Policy
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Cotton; Carbon Footprint; Water Footprint; Climate-Smart Agriculture; Punjab; Agricultural Policy; Pakistan Subjects: Cotton; Carbon Footprint; Water Footprint; Climate-Smart Agriculture; Punjab; Agricultural Policy; Pakistan Disciplines: Agricultural Economics, Environmental Economics Cotton is a cornerstone of Pakistan’s agricultural economy and textile industry, yet its production contributes substantially to greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption. This study assessed the carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF), and water-use efficiency (WUE) of cotton production among 200 farm households in District Vehari, Punjab, categorized as small, medium, and large farms. Results showed an average carbon footprint of 613.2 kg CO₂-eq per acre, with electricity, diesel, and urea accounting for nearly 89% of total emissions. Significant differences in CF and WUE were observed across farm sizes, while the average water footprint of seed cotton (7.23 m³/kg) did not vary significantly. Regression analysis revealed that farm size and education positively influenced CF, whereas household income had a negative effect. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions in irrigation management, energy use, input efficiency, and extension services. The study provides farm-size-specific evidence to support climate-smart cotton production and sustainable resource management in Pakistan.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cotton; Carbon Footprint; Water Footprint; Climate-Smart Agriculture; Punjab; Agricultural Policy; Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Cotton; Carbon Footprint; Water Footprint; Climate-Smart Agriculture; Punjab; Agricultural Policy; Pakistan
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Environmental Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Muhammad Umar Farooq
creator: Amnan Javaid
creator: Abdul Mateen
creator: Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-26
publication date: 2026-06-26
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.3.96

Member-level Livelihood Outcomes and Governance Pathways in Community Forest Enterprise (CFE) to Achieving Sustainability: Evidence from West Sumatra, Indonesia
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: community forest enterprise, livelihood, triple bottom line, sustainability Subjects: community forest enterpreneurship, livelihood, sustainability Disciplines: Regional Resource Management, Agricultural sciences Community Forest Enterprise (CFE) in Indonesia aims to improve livelihoods and support forest conservation, but member-level outcomes remain underexamined. This study examines member-level livelihood outcomes and governance pathways for CFE sustainability in West Sumatra, using a mixed-methods approach with 62 members across 10 CFEs. The results showed that among the 62 respondents across 10 CFEs, only 29% have half of their total income from CFE. While 41% of them are still receiving less than 25% of their total income. This suggests that the CFE's position is still in its early stages and that CFE is treated as a supplementary livelihood rather than a main one. Governance participation is high (87% meeting, 77% decision making), and members receive six non-cash benefits, such as job, facility, daily needs, knowledge, and market. Social-oriented CFEs provide more non-cash benefits, while business-oriented CFEs provide more economic benefits. Environmental engagement varies across categories (66% waste management, 67.7% replanting, and 43.5% forest monitoring), with social-oriented CFEs showing higher engagement than business-oriented ones. The study contributes a governance-capability pathway model and reframes Triple Bottom Line (TBL) as multi-value sustainability. Recommendations include inclusive governance and recognition of mixed orientations to improve the CFEs.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: community forest enterprise
  topic: keywords
subject: livelihood
  topic: keywords
subject: triple bottom line
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: community forest enterpreneurship
  topic: subjects
subject: livelihood
  topic: subjects
subject: sustainability
  topic: subjects
subject: Regional Resource Management
  topic: disciplines
subject: Agricultural sciences
  topic: disciplines
creator: Lady Chania
creator: Atsushi Matsuoka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.3.94

Vanishing Farmland, Rising Risk: Agricultural Land Conversion, Housing Societies, and Food Security in Punjab, Pakistan
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Farmland; Housing Societies; Food Security; Punjab; Pakistan Subjects: Agriculture, Land, Food security Rapid urbanization in Pakistan is accelerating the conversion of fertile agricultural land into housing schemes and commercial developments, posing significant risks to food security and rural livelihoods. This policy brief draws on a household survey of 120 respondents from four peri-urban villages in Faisalabad District and an updated review of international evidence on agricultural land conversion. Findings reveal that most land sales were driven by financial distress rather than planned investment, with the majority of sellers later expressing regret over their decisions. Awareness of land-use regulations and the long-term implications of farmland conversion was found to be extremely limited. Respondents also reported declining food adequacy, dietary quality, and sustainability of local water and agricultural systems following land conversion. These findings reinforce growing concerns about the implications of unchecked urban expansion for food security. The brief recommends the introduction of a legally binding agricultural zoning framework, mandatory food-security impact assessments, and strengthened land governance measures to protect productive farmland and promote sustainable development.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Farmland; Housing Societies; Food Security; Punjab; Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Agriculture
  topic: subjects
subject: Land
  topic: subjects
subject: Food security
  topic: subjects
creator: Muhammad Arsalan Wajid
creator: Muhammad Khalid BASHIR
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.3.97

Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptation in Punjab, Pakistan
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Climate change, agricultural adaptation, crop losses, Punjab, Pakistan, logit model Subjects: Economics Disciplines: Institute of agriculture and resource economics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Climate change poses a severe threat to agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods in Pakistan, yet farm-level adaptation responses remain insufficiently understood. This study examines climate change impacts and determinants of adaptation strategies among 100 randomly selected farmers in Punjab, Pakistan, using binary logistic regression. Results indicate substantial climate-induced production losses: cotton (40.6%), maize (35.1%), rice (33.4%), sugarcane (25.2%), and wheat (22.9%). Education emerged as the most consistent positive determinant of adaptation across all three strategies, change in sowing dates (OR = 1.345, p < 0.05), drought-resistant seeds (OR = 1.303, p < 0.05), and water-efficient methods (OR = 1.363, p < 0.01). Farm size significantly influenced only water-efficient method adoption (OR = 1.102, p < 0.05). Climate awareness and perceived yield losses showed large positive associations with adaptation, though statistical significance varied. These findings underscore that education and direct climate experience drive adaptive behavior, while capital-intensive adaptations require greater resource endowments. Targeted investments in extension services, climate information systems, and financing mechanisms for small-scale farmers are essential to enhance agricultural resilience in climate-vulnerable regions.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change, agricultural adaptation, crop losses, Punjab, Pakistan, logit model
  topic: keywords
subject: Economics
  topic: subjects
subject: Institute of agriculture and resource economics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad.
  topic: disciplines
creator: Muhammad Shakeel
creator: Anwar-Ul- Haq
creator: Jannat Bibi
creator: Zainab Sarfraz
creator: Huzaifa Naeem Bukhari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-02
publication date: 2026-05-02
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.2.39

Agro-Climatic Adaptability and Performance Evaluation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties in the Hazara Region of Pakistan
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Subjects: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Genotype × Environment Interaction Tuber Yield Disease Resistance Disciplines: Plant Breeding & Genetics Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in Pakistan is often limited by the use of poorly performing varieties and the prevalence of major diseases. In this study, fourteen genotypes were tested under the agro-ecological conditions of Hazara during the 2025 growing season using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) among genotypes for all recorded traits, reflecting considerable genetic variability. Among the yield components, tuber number was most strongly associated with yield (r = 0.814, P < 0.01), indicating its central role in productivity. In contrast, both early blight and common scab were negatively related to yield, suggesting that disease pressure substantially reduces performance. The genotype Gravity outperformed all others, producing the highest yield (16.97 kg plot⁻¹; approximately 30.2 t ha⁻¹), followed by ML-12-0801 and Kyra. The large variation observed for tuber number, coupled with minimal experimental error, points to strong genetic control of this trait. Overall, yield differences among genotypes were largely explained by their capacity to produce more tubers and maintain lower disease levels. While the findings are useful for identifying promising material under Hazara conditions, further evaluation across multiple locations and seasons is necessary before broader recommendations can be made.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Genotype × Environment Interaction Tuber Yield Disease Resistance
  topic: subjects
subject: Plant Breeding & Genetics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Mowadda Khurshid
creator: Isma Khurshid
creator: Mahmood-ul-Hassan
creator: Fahad Masoud Wattoo
creator: Muhammad Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-02
publication date: 2026-05-02
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.2.78

Public Perceptions of Local Government in Pakistan: A Survey-Based Assessment
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Local government, decentralization, public participation, service delivery, accountability, Pakistan. Subjects: Local government, decentralization, public participation, service delivery, accountability, Pakistan. Disciplines: Research Article Decentralization is theorized to improve service delivery and democratic accountability, yet evidence from citizen perspectives remains scarce in many developing contexts. This study investigates public perceptions of local government in Pakistan across four dimensions: awareness, service delivery, civic participation, and institutional trust. Drawing on survey data from 180 respondents across multiple districts, the study employs descriptive statistics and reliability analysis (Cronbach's α = 0.916). Findings reveal that while basic awareness of local government existence is moderate (mean = 3.81/5.00), deeper structural and functional knowledge remains limited. Service delivery satisfaction is low, with over 40% dissatisfaction regarding rural roads and development projects. Civic participation is confined to electoral turnout, with minimal engagement in ongoing governance processes. Trust is mixed: citizens acknowledge some responsiveness but widely perceive political interference, weak anti-corruption mechanisms, and non-meritocratic selection. These findings suggest that Pakistan faces not institutional absence, but what we term 'decentralization without transparency' characterized by information asymmetries and procedural illegibility. The study concludes with policy implications for institutional clarity, merit-based recruitment, and citizen feedback mechanisms.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Local government, decentralization, public participation, service delivery, accountability, Pakistan.
  topic: keywords
subject: Local government, decentralization, public participation, service delivery, accountability, Pakistan.
  topic: subjects
subject: Research Article
  topic: disciplines
creator: Amna Mushtaq Gill
creator: Maria Shabir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.2.77

Food Insecurity, Oral Health, and Nutritional Status among University Students in Faisalabad, Pakistan
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: food insecurity, oral health, dietary behaviors, health outcomes, health problems, students’ nutritional status, affordable dental healthcare Subjects: food insecurity, oral health of university students Disciplines: specifically Nutritional Epidemiology and Social Determinants of Health Food insecurity and oral health problems are critical yet often separately addressed determinants of nutritional status among university students in low- and middle-income settings. This study investigates their combined effects on dietary behavior, health outcomes, and academic performance among 237 students in Faisalabad using a cross-sectional mixed methods design with strong internal reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.823). The findings indicate moderate levels of food insecurity (M = 2.43) alongside a notable oral health impact on nutrition (M = 2.66), suggesting a dual constraint on both food access and food utilization. Statistical analysis reveals significant associations between nutritional status and residential status (χ² = 16.72, p < 0.05), fatigue (χ² = 26.85, p < 0.01), concentration difficulties (χ² = 15.91, p < 0.05), academic performance (χ² = 17.69, p < 0.05), and access to on-campus food (χ² = 28.91, p < 0.01), while household income shows no significant effect (χ² = 9.43, NS). These results highlight that structural and institutional factors may outweigh purely economic ones in shaping student nutrition. Importantly, oral health issues limit the consumption of nutrient-dense, fibrous foods, while food insecurity reduces overall dietary intake. Together, they form a synergistic “double burden” that compromises both physical health and academic outcomes. The study underscores the need for integrated university-level interventions, including subsidized meal programs, improved campus food environments, and accessible on-campus dental care services to address these intersecting challenges effectively.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: food insecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: oral health
  topic: keywords
subject: dietary behaviors
  topic: keywords
subject: health outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: health problems
  topic: keywords
subject: students’ nutritional status
  topic: keywords
subject: affordable dental healthcare
  topic: keywords
subject: food insecurity
  topic: subjects
subject: oral health of university students
  topic: subjects
subject: specifically Nutritional Epidemiology and Social Determinants of Health
  topic: disciplines
creator: Bilal Saddique
creator: Muhammad Khalid Bashir
creator: Izhar Ul Haq
creator: Javaria Nasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.2.66

Policy and practice for building climate-resilient agricultural systems, India
type: item
description: Section: Review Articles Keywords: India, climate-resilient agriculture, NICRA, NMSA, NAPCC, NAP Subjects: India: Policy requirements for climate-resilient agriculture Disciplines: sustainable agriculture, climate adaptation, regenerative agriculture, agricultural policy In India, as in many other developing nations, climate change is increasingly contributing to productivity crises among smallholder farming communities that rely heavily on climate-sensitive resources for their livelihoods. Erratic rainfall, rising temperatures, and more frequent extreme weather events such as floods and droughts are intensifying production risks and undermining yield stability. These weather-related shocks further aggravate long-standing structural challenges, including environmental contamination from excessive agrochemical use, declining soil health, water scarcity, and public health concerns, while simultaneously suppressing already fragile rural income levels. Incremental and piecemeal interventions have proven insufficient to reverse these trends or build meaningful resilience. Although many of the technical solutions required for healthier, more efficient, and climate-resilient agricultural systems such as climate-smart practices, improved water management, and sustainable input use are well established and widely discussed, the enabling policy frameworks necessary for scaling these solutions remain inadequate. The policy landscape is highly fragmented, dispersed across multiple ministries and departments with overlapping mandates, weak coordination mechanisms, and inconsistent priorities. In addition, critical research components, particularly interdisciplinary and applied research, are underdeveloped or poorly integrated into policymaking. This results in a complex and disjointed system in which individual policy initiatives operate in isolation and fail to reinforce one another. Nevertheless, several recent and anticipated policy innovations offer promise, provided they ar…
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: India
  topic: keywords
subject: climate-resilient agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: NICRA
  topic: keywords
subject: NMSA
  topic: keywords
subject: NAPCC
  topic: keywords
subject: NAP
  topic: keywords
subject: India: Policy requirements for climate-resilient agriculture
  topic: subjects
subject: sustainable agriculture
  topic: disciplines
subject: climate adaptation
  topic: disciplines
subject: regenerative agriculture
  topic: disciplines
subject: agricultural policy
  topic: disciplines
creator: Reinmar Seidler
creator: Prathama Gavai
creator: Kamaljit S. Bawa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-14
publication date: 2026-02-14
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026...33

Factors affecting animals' health management practices among women livestock keepers in rural areas: insights from district Faisalabad
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Women livestock keepers, Socio-economic attributes, knowledge about animal diseases, animal health management practices, traditional practices Subjects: Women livestock keepers, Socio-economic attributes, knowledge about animal diseases, animal health management practices, traditional practices Disciplines: Rural Sociology; Gender Studies; Agricultural Sociology Pakistan is an agrarian economy in which livestock plays a pivotal role, contributing 62.68% to agriculture and 14.36% to GDP. In rural areas, women are actively engaged in livestock management; however, they face significant challenges, particularly in animal health management, leading to economic losses. This study aimed to identify factors affecting animal health management practices among women livestock keepers in District Faisalabad. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed, selecting Tehsil Faisalabad Sadar purposively, followed by two union councils and two villages from each council, and finally 120 respondents through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview schedule and analyzed using SPSS. The results revealed that 63.3% of respondents were illiterate, while 88% perceived a lack of government support. A considerable proportion demonstrated awareness of zoonotic diseases (80%) and breeding-related issues (75%), and most could identify diseases such as lumpy skin disease (83%), respiratory infections (72%), and foot-and-mouth disease (84%). Despite this awareness, 95% relied on traditional or religious practices for treatment. Although 75% acknowledged the importance of vaccination, only 44.2% reported using vaccines and modern veterinary care. Bivariate analysis showed that age, education, income, and livestock-keeping experience had significant associations with animal health management practices, whereas government support was not statistically significant. The findings suggest that while women possess practical knowl…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Women livestock keepers, Socio-economic attributes, knowledge about animal diseases, animal health management practices, traditional practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Women livestock keepers, Socio-economic attributes, knowledge about animal diseases, animal health management practices, traditional practices
  topic: subjects
subject: Rural Sociology; Gender Studies; Agricultural Sociology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Mariam Shabbir
creator: Naveed Farah
creator: Madiha Naz
creator: Ammara Azam
creator: umm-e- Ammara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-24
publication date: 2026-03-24
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026...35

Digital Banking Beyond Access: Institutional and Adoption Dynamics of FinTech in South and Southeast Asia
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Fintech innovation, digital banking, agricultural productivity, financial inclusion, digital transformation, South Asia, Pakistan Subjects: Digital Agriculture,, digital banking, banking panetration, fintech innovation, pakistan, bangladesh, south asia, banking, agricultural policy Disciplines: Economics, finance, banking finance, macroeconomy Digital banking and financial technology (FinTech) have become central to financial system modernization in emerging economies, yet their developmental impact depends on institutional design, sectoral integration, and user adoption. While several South Asian countries have embedded digital finance within coherent, sector-specific policy frameworks, Pakistan’s experience remains uneven, with digital banking expansion showing limited linkage to productive economic activities. This study examines Pakistan’s digital banking landscape from a comparative institutional perspective, using agriculture as a focal sector to assess how institutional coordination and adoption behavior shape FinTech outcomes. The study employs an exploratory mixed-methods approach, combining cross-country secondary indicators (2018–2024) from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Malaysia with primary survey evidence from digital banking users in Pakistan. Rather than testing causal relationships, the analysis evaluates patterns of association between digital banking penetration, institutional coherence, and sectoral engagement, interpreted through Financial Intermediation Theory, the Technology Acceptance Model, and Innovation Diffusion Theory. Findings show that despite initiatives such as Raast and the Kissan Card, digital banking usage in Pakistan remains largely transactional and urban-centered, with limited integration into agricultural finance. Comparative evidence indicates that countries with stronger institutional alignment and sector-specific digital finance strategies achieve deeper productive engagement. Survey r…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fintech innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: digital banking
  topic: keywords
subject: agricultural productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: financial inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: South Asia
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Agriculture,
  topic: subjects
subject: digital banking
  topic: subjects
subject: banking panetration
  topic: subjects
subject: fintech innovation
  topic: subjects
subject: pakistan
  topic: subjects
subject: bangladesh
  topic: subjects
subject: south asia
  topic: subjects
subject: banking
  topic: subjects
subject: agricultural policy
  topic: subjects
subject: Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: finance
  topic: disciplines
subject: banking finance
  topic: disciplines
subject: macroeconomy
  topic: disciplines
creator: Farzeen Shaukat
creator: Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad
creator: Salman Shaukat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Copyright for articles published in AgriPaT is retained by the authors. However, the authors grant The AgEcon Frontiers sPvt. Ltd., the publisher of AgriPaT, the non-exclusive right to publish, archive, and distribute the final version of the manuscript in all forms and media. All works are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and the source are properly cited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2025.1.2.26

Eco-Friendly Biochar for Stress Mitigation and Sustainable Crop Farming
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Abiotic stress,, climate resilience,, soil amendment,, sustainable farming. Climate change, land degradation, and the need to feed a growing population pose serious threats to global agriculture. Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and nutrient loss reduce crop productivity, while intensive farming further depletes soil quality. These challenges highlight the importance of sustainable soil management practices that enhance resilience and environmental sustainability. Among emerging solutions, biochar, a carbon-rich material produced through the pyrolysis of organic matter, has shown great potential as a soil amendment. This review synthesizes recent research on the role of biochar in alleviating abiotic stress and promoting sustainable crop production. Evidence from the past 15 years indicates that biochar improves soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties, leading to enhanced water retention, nutrient availability, and microbial activity. These benefits strengthen crop tolerance to drought and salinity, stabilize yields, and support efficient resource use. Additionally, biochar contributes to climate change mitigation by capturing carbon dioxide and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Despite its promise, biochar adoption faces barriers such as inconsistent feedstock quality, high production costs, and limited policy support. Future research should optimize production methods, assess long-term impacts, and develop supportive frameworks to integrate biochar into sustainable agriculture for improved food security and climate resilience.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Abiotic stress,
  topic: keywords
subject: climate resilience,
  topic: keywords
subject: soil amendment,
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable farming.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim Musa Osman
creator: Ramazan Acar
creator: Mithat Direk
creator: Ali Kiendrebéogo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Copyright for articles published in AgriPaT is retained by the authors. However, the authors grant The AgEcon Frontiers (SMC-PRIVATE) Limited, the publisher of AgriPaT, the non-exclusive right to publish, archive, and distribute the final version of the manuscript in all forms and media. All works are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and the source are properly cited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-13
publication date: 2025-11-13
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2025.1.1.12

The Role of Defence Savings Certificates in Pakistan’s GDP Performance
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Defence Savings Certificates (DSCs), National Savings Organisation (NSO), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Capital Formation (GCF), Gross Domestic Savings (GDS), State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) Subjects: Defence Savings Certificates (DSCs), National Savings Organisation (NSO), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Capital Formation (GCF), Gross Domestic Savings (GDS), State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) This study empirically investigates the impact of Defence Saving Certificates (DSCs) on Pakistan’s gross domestic product (GDP), addressing an important gap in the literature on domestic savings instruments and macroeconomic performance. DSCs are government-sponsored, low-risk financial instruments administered by the National Savings Organisation (NSO) and are designed to mobilize household savings for public financing. Despite their widespread use and fiscal importance, their specific contribution to economic growth has remained underexplored in empirical research. Using annual time-series data spanning the period from 1990 to 2024, this study applies an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modeling framework to examine the dynamic relationship between GDP, DSC investments, gross capital formation (GCF), and gross domestic savings (GDS). The results indicate a statistically significant and positive relationship between DSCs and GDP, suggesting that increased investment in these certificates contributes meaningfully to overall economic output by channeling domestic savings into productive public use. Consistent with economic theory, GCF also exhibits a strong positive effect on GDP, reflecting the role of investment in driving growth. In contrast, GDS does not show a significant direct relationship with GDP within the estimated model, implying that savings alone may not translate into growth without effective financial intermediation. The study concludes that DSCs represent an effective fiscal and financial instrument for supp…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Defence Savings Certificates (DSCs)
  topic: keywords
subject: National Savings Organisation (NSO)
  topic: keywords
subject: Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
  topic: keywords
subject: Gross Capital Formation (GCF)
  topic: keywords
subject: Gross Domestic Savings (GDS)
  topic: keywords
subject: State Bank of Pakistan (SBP)
  topic: keywords
subject: Defence Savings Certificates (DSCs)
  topic: subjects
subject: National Savings Organisation (NSO)
  topic: subjects
subject: Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
  topic: subjects
subject: Gross Capital Formation (GCF)
  topic: subjects
subject: Gross Domestic Savings (GDS)
  topic: subjects
subject: State Bank of Pakistan (SBP)
  topic: subjects
creator: Qamar ul Islam
creator: Bushra Samreen
creator: Kinza Kiran
creator: V R Leena
creator: Maryam Bibi
creator: Neelam Rana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Copyright for articles published in AgriPaT is retained by the authors. However, the authors grant The AgEcon Frontiers sPvt. Ltd., the publisher of AgriPaT, the non-exclusive right to publish, archive, and distribute the final version of the manuscript in all forms and media. All works are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and the source are properly cited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2025.1.2.21

Institutional Governance and Smart Resource Management in Faisalabad’s Industrial Sector
type: item
description: Section: Review Articles Keywords: Smart Governance, Institutional Reform, Resource Management, Technology Integration, Citizen Participation, Industrial Governance Subjects: Smart Governance, Institutional Reform, Resource Management, Technology Integration, Citizen Participation, Industrial Governance Disciplines: Management Smart cities signal a clear shift in how urban and industrial spaces are governed, managed, and maintained, with digital innovation and participatory approaches at the center of decision-making. This paper examines how institutional governance can enable the adoption of smart city principles in the industrial sector of Faisalabad. The study draws on a structured review of peer-reviewed literature indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar published between 2020 and 2025, supplemented by relevant government and NGO reports. After applying defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, a thematic analysis was conducted to synthesize key insights. The paper contributes to the literature by integrating Institutional Theory with Smart Governance Theory to explain how governance arrangements shape the effectiveness of digital technologies in industrial cities within developing economies. Findings highlight that technology-driven governance and active stakeholder engagement are critical for efficient resource management and sustainable industrial growth. Three coordination mechanisms emerge as central to improving governance outcomes: strong institutional coordination, digital transparency, and effective public-private partnerships. Faisalabad’s industrial base, particularly its textile and export-oriented sectors, shows strong potential for transformation through smart resource management, including IoT-based monitoring, data-driven energy management, and digital waste systems. However, the study also identifies persistent institutional barriers, such as bureaucratic rigidity, weak data-sharing mechanisms, and limited inter-agency collaboratio…
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Smart Governance, Institutional Reform, Resource Management, Technology Integration, Citizen Participation, Industrial Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart Governance, Institutional Reform, Resource Management, Technology Integration, Citizen Participation, Industrial Governance
  topic: subjects
subject: Management
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ayesha Noreen
creator: Uzma Noureen
creator: Zain ul Abidin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Copyright for articles published in AgriPaT is retained by the authors. However, the authors grant The AgEcon Frontiers sPvt. Ltd., the publisher of AgriPaT, the non-exclusive right to publish, archive, and distribute the final version of the manuscript in all forms and media. All works are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and the source are properly cited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-05
publication date: 2026-01-05
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2025.1.2.20

Assessing Socioeconomic Predictors of Nutritional Quality in Urban Households: A Case Study of Faisalabad, Punjab
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: : Socioeconomic determinants, healthy diet, dietary diversity, household health, income, education, regression analysis, nutritional health, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Subjects: Socioeconomic determinants, healthy diet, dietary diversity, household health, income, education, regression analysis, nutritional health, Faisalabad, Pakistan. This study examines the socioeconomic determinants of healthy eating habits and their implications for household health outcomes in Faisalabad, Pakistan. The primary objective is to assess how household structure, employment status, education, income levels, and access to food shape dietary patterns across different socioeconomic groups. In Faisalabad, pronounced income disparities limit the ability of low-income households to access nutritious food, often resulting in poor dietary choices and a higher prevalence of diet-related diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular conditions. Using primary data collected from households representing diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, the study explores dietary practices, levels of nutritional awareness, and food-related constraints faced by different demographic groups. Regression analysis reveals that socioeconomic factors play a significant role in shaping dietary diversity. In the first model, the Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was used as the dependent variable (R² = 0.208; p < 0.001). Education, income, marital status, and home ownership were positively associated with DDS, while household size showed a negative relationship, indicating resource dilution in larger families. These findings suggest that households with greater economic stability and higher educational attainment tend to consume more diverse diets. In the second model, Body Mass Index (BMI) served as the dependent variable (R² = 0.029; p = 0.016). DDS emerged as a positive but weak predictor of BMI, with a one-unit increase in dietary diversity associated with a 0.33-unit rise in BM…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: : Socioeconomic determinants, healthy diet, dietary diversity, household health, income, education, regression analysis, nutritional health, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
  topic: keywords
subject: Socioeconomic determinants, healthy diet, dietary diversity, household health, income, education, regression analysis, nutritional health, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
  topic: subjects
creator: Huzaifa Naeem Bukhari
creator: Amir Sohail
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Copyright for articles published in AgriPaT is retained by the authors. However, the authors grant The AgEcon Frontiers sPvt. Ltd., the publisher of AgriPaT, the non-exclusive right to publish, archive, and distribute the final version of the manuscript in all forms and media. All works are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and the source are properly cited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2025.1.2.22

Climate Change, Agricultural Performance, and Resilience in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Climate Resilience, Agriculture, Environmental Change, Trend Analysis,Environmental factor. Subjects: agricultural policy As the impacts of climate change grow more severe, Bangladesh is pioneering green agriculture to secure its agricultural future. This approach embraces sustainable farming practices, enabling farmers to adapt to shifting environmental conditions while safeguarding food security and protecting natural resources. Climate change is significantly impacting Bangladesh's agriculture sector, leading to reduced crop yields, increased salinity, and shifts in rainfall patterns. These changes threaten food security and livelihoods, particularly for coastal communities. However, Bangladesh is also pioneering green agriculture and adaptation strategies to mitigate these effects. Climate change poses significant challenges to Bangladesh's agriculture sector, but the country is actively working towards adaptation and mitigation strategies to build resilience and ensure food security. By promoting green agriculture, implementing water management techniques, and supporting farmers with the necessary resources and knowledge, Bangladesh can strive to overcome the challenges of climate change and build a more sustainable agricultural future. In this paper the author analysis the impact of environmental change on agriculture of Bangladesh. The study used trend analysis, Chi square test, and regression analysis for data analysis purposes.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate Resilience, Agriculture, Environmental Change, Trend Analysis,Environmental factor.
  topic: keywords
subject: agricultural policy
  topic: subjects
creator: Samira Binte Saif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Copyright for articles published in AgriPaT is retained by the authors. However, the authors grant The AgEcon Frontiers (sPvt). Ltd., the publisher of AgriPaT, the non-exclusive right to publish, archive, and distribute the final version of the manuscript in all forms and media. All works are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and the source are properly cited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2025.1.2.23

Innovation Subsidy Design and Payments for Ecosystem Services: A Mixed-Methods Approach to Multilateral Environmental Governance
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Ecosystem, Climate, Barani, Innovative, Bureaucratic Subjects: Ecosystem, Climate, Barani, Innovative, Bureaucratic Disciplines: Environmental Economics, Sustainability Studies Unsustainable land use practices are a major contributor to climate change through increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) offer a promising solution by providing financial incentives to individuals and communities that engage in sustainable natural resource management. In Pakistan, where environmental challenges such as desertification, deforestation, and water scarcity are escalating due to climate change and poor land governance, PES remains underutilized and insufficiently embedded in environmental and agricultural policy frameworks. This study examined the household-level socio-economic and land-use characteristics across four ecological zones of Punjab. The study investigates the potential for innovation subsidy designs under a payment for ecosystem services (PES) framework. Quantitative results show that the PES program significantly increased household income (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>β</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>3</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixe…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ecosystem
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate
  topic: keywords
subject: Barani
  topic: keywords
subject: Innovative
  topic: keywords
subject: Bureaucratic
  topic: keywords
subject: Ecosystem
  topic: subjects
subject: Climate
  topic: subjects
subject: Barani
  topic: subjects
subject: Innovative
  topic: subjects
subject: Bureaucratic
  topic: subjects
subject: Environmental Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Sustainability Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ayman Tanveer
creator: Sadia Hussain
creator: Sidra Tehrem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-26
publication date: 2026-02-26
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.1.29

Bridging the Knowledge-Practice Gap through Participatory Field Distillation of Eucalyptus Essential Oils in Punjab, Pakistan
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Essential oil extraction, Training-of-Trainers (ToT), Cohen’s d, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), Capacity building Subjects: agricultural extension, Technology Adoption,, Training of Trainers (ToT), smallholder Disciplines: Agriucltural Extension and Education, Rural Innovation, Agricultural sciences Smallholder farmers in Pakistan struggle to adopt eucalyptus essential oil extraction (EOE) technologies due to limited technical knowledge and weak institutional support, resulting in suboptimal yields and inefficient practices. This study evaluates participatory field distillation demonstrations using a Training-of-Trainers (ToT) approach to enhance farmers’ knowledge and practices in Attock District, Punjab. Hands-on sessions and practical demonstrations covered key extraction processes, while pre- and post-intervention interviews assessed changes in knowledge and practices. Paired t-tests indicated significant improvements in harvest timing, extraction procedures, oil yield, and safety practices, with a large overall effect (Cohen’s d = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.03–1.28). Heterogeneity was substantial (I² = 67%, p = 0.0013), reflecting variable training outcomes, and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) further supported positive shifts in farmers’ perceptions and readiness to adopt EOE technology. While causal inference is limited by the absence of a control group, the findings suggest that participatory field-based ToT demonstrations are associated with meaningful improvements in farmers’ technical knowledge and practices. The study offers practical insights for extension agencies and policymakers seeking to design scalable capacity-building programs to support sustainable essential oil production and rural livelihoods in Pakistan.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Essential oil extraction, Training-of-Trainers (ToT), Cohen’s d, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), Capacity building
  topic: keywords
subject: agricultural extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Technology Adoption,
  topic: subjects
subject: Training of Trainers (ToT)
  topic: subjects
subject: smallholder
  topic: subjects
subject: Agriucltural Extension and Education
  topic: disciplines
subject: Rural Innovation
  topic: disciplines
subject: Agricultural sciences
  topic: disciplines
creator: Fouzia Anjum
creator: Sher Muhammad
creator: Badar Naseem Siddiqui
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-14
publication date: 2026-02-14
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.1.31

Local government system in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh: Review of research priorities and gaps
type: item
description: Section: Review Articles Keywords: Local government, Decentralization, Citizen Participation, Service delivery, South Asia. Subjects: Local governance, Citizen participation, decentralization, south asia. Disciplines: Public Administration, Governance and development This study presents a systematic mapping of research on local government systems in three South Asian countries - Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh - with the aim of identifying key features, comparative differences, and critical research gaps. Drawing on 42 studies published over the past two decades, this review explores three core dimensions of local governance: decentralization, citizen participation, and public service delivery. The findings indicate that while political decentralization has received substantial academic attention, market decentralization remains largely neglected. Similarly, although decision-making processes under citizen participation are relatively well-studied, citizen feedback mechanisms are under-explored. Service delivery, particularly in terms of accountability, is discussed to a limited extent with other related aspects such as affordability and quality, receiving minimal focus. The review underscores that Pakistan’s local governance reforms have often reinforced centralized control under the guise of decentralization, while Bangladesh faces challenges of excessive central interference and limited autonomy. India, in contrast, has implemented several successful reforms, though smaller urban bodies remain underrepresented. This study concludes by highlighting the need for more interdisciplinary and multidimensional research approaches to address these gaps and strengthen local governance frameworks across South Asia.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Local government, Decentralization, Citizen Participation, Service delivery, South Asia.
  topic: keywords
subject: Local governance, Citizen participation, decentralization, south asia.
  topic: subjects
subject: Public Administration
  topic: disciplines
subject: Governance and development
  topic: disciplines
creator: Amna Mushtaq Gill
creator: Majid Mushtaq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.1.32

An Empirical Analysis of Financial Development, Energy Consumption, and Ecological Footprint in Pakistan
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Financial development; Renewable energy; Ecological footprint; Economic growth; Trade openness Subjects: Financial Development, Renewable Energy, Non-Renewable Energy, Ecological Footprint, Economic Growth, Trade Openness, Environmental Sustainability, Pakistan, ARDL Model, Energy Economics Disciplines: Environmental Economics, Energy Economics, Agricultural and Resource Economics, Sustainable Development, Development Economics Environmental degradation poses serious challenges to sustainable development in Pakistan, where economic expansion, financial sector growth, and rising energy demand place increasing pressure on natural resources. This study examines the relationships among financial development, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, trade openness, ecological footprint, and economic growth using annual data for the period 1990–2019. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach is employed to explore both short-run and long-run dynamics among the variables. The empirical findings reveal that non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth significantly increase the ecological footprint, indicating greater environmental pressure. In contrast, renewable energy consumption and trade openness contribute to environmental improvement by reducing ecological degradation. Financial development shows a favorable environmental effect in the short run; however, its long-run impact on environmental quality is statistically weak. The results further indicate that financial development, renewable energy use, non-renewable energy use, and trade openness positively contribute to economic growth. Overall, the findings suggest that economic growth alone is insufficient to ensure environmental sustainability. A structural transformation of the energy system is necessary, with greater reliance on renewable energy sources. The study recommends promoting green financing, strengthening environmental regulations, and encourag…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Financial development; Renewable energy; Ecological footprint; Economic growth; Trade openness
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial Development, Renewable Energy, Non-Renewable Energy, Ecological Footprint, Economic Growth, Trade Openness, Environmental Sustainability, Pakistan, ARDL Model, Energy Economics
  topic: subjects
subject: Environmental Economics, Energy Economics, Agricultural and Resource Economics, Sustainable Development, Development Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Noor Muhammad Panhwar
creator: Javaria Nasir
creator: Rakhshanda Kousar
creator: Syed Ali Ummar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.1.36

Classification and Distribution Analysis of Crop Types in Mauza Mustafabad Using GIS: Implications for Agricultural Policy and Land Use
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Sentinel-2, Crop varieties, sustainable agricultural practices, Remote-sensing Subjects: GIS-based crop classification, Sentinel-2, Khasra land records, precision agriculture, agricultural policy, land-use mapping Disciplines: Agricultural Geography, Remote Sensing and GIS, Environmental Policy, Agricultural Economics, Sustainable Resource Management The study investigates agricultural patterns in Mauza Mustafabad through detailed crop classifying and analyzing using Geographic Information System (GIS) and sentinel- 2 satellite imagery. The study accesses 22 different crop categories across 7433 Khasra employing a supervised classification approach in ArcGIS to generate high-resolution agriculture map, with the primer focus on dominant agricultural landscape of different crops such as wheat, fodder and orchards. The outcome of the present research indicates that 67% of the districts have been allocated to wheat production, which has a potential yield of 258,598 metric tons. Crop density and farm size variability are reflected by the extremely well-defined geographical distribution of crops, which is correlated with the land use pattern. Further, a growing pattern in fish farming has also been addressed, which reflects variations in farming methods that drive financial incentives. The integration of classified satellite imagery with real time Khasra border system provides a reliable spatial framework for assessing land utilization and improving administrative decision making. Overall, this research shows how the integration of GIS based crop mapping and land record system can support evidence based agricultural policy, resource management and food security planning in Pakistan’s precision agriculture context.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sentinel-2
  topic: keywords
subject: Crop varieties
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable agricultural practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Remote-sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: GIS-based crop classification
  topic: subjects
subject: Sentinel-2
  topic: subjects
subject: Khasra land records
  topic: subjects
subject: precision agriculture
  topic: subjects
subject: agricultural policy
  topic: subjects
subject: land-use mapping
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Geography
  topic: disciplines
subject: Remote Sensing and GIS
  topic: disciplines
subject: Environmental Policy
  topic: disciplines
subject: Agricultural Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Sustainable Resource Management
  topic: disciplines
creator: Syed Zaheer Hussain
creator: Maria Zubair
creator: Arsam Ahmad Awan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Copyright for articles published in AgriPaT is retained by the authors. However, the authors grant The AgEcon Frontiers (SMC-PRIVATE) Limited, the publisher of AgriPaT, the non-exclusive right to publish, archive, and distribute the final version of the manuscript in all forms and media. All works are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and the source are properly cited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2025.1.1.1

Climate Change Adaptation and Farmers’ Resilience in Pakistan
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Climate change Climate change resilience Awareness Adaptive capacity To avoid the hazardous impact of climate change in agriculture sector particularly small farm holder, the adaptation to climate change requires time. The degree of adaptive responses has been slow among the famers since they have low adaptive capacities in developing countries like Pakistan owing to their ignorance. Thus, the purpose of study is to determine the awareness degree of the farmers, to examine the factors that impact the adaptive to climate change. Moreover, the type of the study is cross-sectional and 280 farmers data is gathered with the assistance of well-developed questionnaire on the basis of former researches. Multistage method is applied in collecting data in district Vehari. To carry out the data analysis, binary logit model and odd ration model is used in finding out the factors contributing to the adaptive capacity of climate change. In the foundation of the analysis of data presented in this paper, it is stated that climate adaptation to the climate change is talkative with the growth of information resources: technology can make agriculture too efficient and the climate change awareness. The facts presented in the current study are borne out by facts that indicate the need to award credits and finance long term, agricultural technologies that will hasten the ACC and in the short-term information on climate should be disseminated among the agricultural circles.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change Climate change resilience Awareness Adaptive capacity
  topic: keywords
creator: Sadia Hussain
creator: Sidra Tehrem
creator: Ayman Tanveer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Copyright for articles published in AgriPaT is retained by the authors. However, the authors grant The AgEcon Frontiers (SMC-PRIVATE) Limited, the publisher of AgriPaT, the non-exclusive right to publish, archive, and distribute the final version of the manuscript in all forms and media. All works are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and the source are properly cited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2005-11-13
publication date: 2005-11-13
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2025.1.1.10

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Agricultural Marketing: Evidence from Farmers in Faisalabad, Pakistan
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Agricultural Marketing, Digital Agriculture, Farmers, Pakistan, Technology Adoption, Market Challenges Subjects: Artificial Intelligence, Agricultural Marketing, Digital Agriculture,, Farmers, Pakistan,, Technology Adoption,, Market Challenges Disciplines: Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Marketing, Artificial Intelligence, Development Studies This study examines the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to address agricultural marketing challenges faced by farmers in Faisalabad, Pakistan. It evaluates farmers’ awareness, readiness, and willingness to adopt AI technologies while identifying key socioeconomic, technical, and institutional factors influencing adoption. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 200 purposively selected farmers, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation, and binary logistic regression. Results showed that nearly two-thirds of farmers were willing to adopt AI-based tools and platforms, provided sufficient training, guidance, and digital infrastructure were available. Education, digital literacy, internet access, and trust in technology emerged as significant determinants of AI adoption. Conversely, inadequate infrastructure, high costs, limited access to affordable technology, and weak institutional support remained major barriers. The study concludes that targeted policy measures promoting digital literacy, expanding rural internet access, and providing financial and institutional incentives can substantially improve AI adoption in agricultural marketing. Strengthening digital infrastructure and enhancing farmers’ technological capabilities are therefore essential for Pakistan’s transition toward data-driven, efficient, and sustainable agricultural markets.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Agricultural Marketing, Digital Agriculture, Farmers, Pakistan, Technology Adoption, Market Challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Marketing
  topic: subjects
subject: Digital Agriculture,
  topic: subjects
subject: Farmers, Pakistan,
  topic: subjects
subject: Technology Adoption,
  topic: subjects
subject: Market Challenges
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Agricultural Marketing
  topic: disciplines
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: disciplines
subject: Development Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Tehreem
creator: Muhammad Awais Ashfaq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Copyright for articles published in AgriPaT is retained by the authors. However, the authors grant The AgEcon Frontiers (SMC-PRIVATE) Limited, the publisher of AgriPaT, the non-exclusive right to publish, archive, and distribute the final version of the manuscript in all forms and media. All works are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and the source are properly cited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-13
publication date: 2025-11-13
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2025.1.1.11

Determinants of Solar-Powered Irrigation System Adoption Among Rice Farmers in Hafizabad, Pakistan
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Solar energy, irrigation, technology adoption, rice growers, Hafizabad, Pakistan, renewable agriculture. Subjects: Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems (SPIS), Renewable Energy in Agriculture, Socioeconomic Challenges, Farmers’ Adoption Behavior, Financial Constraints in Technology Adoption Disciplines: Agricultural Economics, Environmental Economics, Development Studies, Renewable Energy Studies The growing energy crisis and worsening water scarcity in Pakistan have intensified the need for renewable energy solutions in agriculture. Among these, solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS) have emerged as a sustainable and economically viable alternative to conventional irrigation methods, particularly in regions cultivating water-intensive crops such as rice. This study examines the socio-economic, technical, institutional, and perceptual factors influencing the adoption of SPIS among rice growers in the Hafizabad District of Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 200 randomly selected rice farmers. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and binary logistic regression were employed to determine the relationship between farmer characteristics and the likelihood of adopting SPIS. The results revealed that education level, farm income, landholding size, access to credit, awareness, perceived economic benefits, and extension contact significantly affected adoption decisions. However, widespread diffusion of SPIS remains constrained by high initial investment costs, inadequate institutional support, and limited policy incentives. The findings underscore the need for targeted policy interventions, including financial subsidies or credit facilities, technical training, awareness programs, and stronger institutional frameworks to accelerate the adoption of SPIS. Promoting such renewable technologies can enhance energy security, reduce production costs, and foster sustainable agricultural …
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Solar energy, irrigation, technology adoption, rice growers, Hafizabad, Pakistan, renewable agriculture.
  topic: keywords
subject: Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems (SPIS)
  topic: subjects
subject: Renewable Energy in Agriculture
  topic: subjects
subject: Socioeconomic Challenges
  topic: subjects
subject: Farmers’ Adoption Behavior
  topic: subjects
subject: Financial Constraints in Technology Adoption
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Environmental Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Development Studies
  topic: disciplines
subject: Renewable Energy Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Muhammad Awais Ashfaq
creator: Tehreem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Copyright for articles published in AgriPaT is retained by the authors. However, the authors grant The AgEcon Frontiers (SMC-PRIVATE) Limited, the publisher of AgriPaT, the non-exclusive right to publish, archive, and distribute the final version of the manuscript in all forms and media. All works are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and the source are properly cited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-13
publication date: 2025-11-13
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2025.1.1.13

Winter Tourism Route in Aladağlar
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Keywords: Aladağlar,, winter tourism,, agricultural policy,, rural transformation,, regional development,, sustainability Subjects: Aladağlar, winter tourism, agricultural policy, rural transformation, regional development, sustainability Disciplines: tarım ekonomisi, turizm, kış turizmi, tarım ekonomis, kırsal turiz Mountain regions have increasingly gained strategic importance not only for tourism development but also for the restructuring of agricultural policies and rural economies. Located at the intersection of Central and Southern Anatolia, the Aladağlar Mountain Range has traditionally been associated with summer mountaineering and nature-based activities, while its winter tourism potential has remained largely underexplored. This article examines the development of winter tourism routes in Aladağlar within the framework of agricultural policy transformation, rural development, and sustainability. It argues that winter tourism should be conceptualized not merely as an alternative tourism product but as a complementary policy instrument that supports agricultural income diversification, mitigates seasonal vulnerability, and strengthens rural resilience. By adopting a policy-oriented analytical approach, the study highlights how integrated winter tourism routes can contribute to regional development objectives while aligning with sustainable land-use and climate adaptation strategies.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aladağlar,
  topic: keywords
subject: winter tourism,
  topic: keywords
subject: agricultural policy,
  topic: keywords
subject: rural transformation,
  topic: keywords
subject: regional development,
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Aladağlar, winter tourism, agricultural policy, rural transformation, regional development, sustainability
  topic: subjects
subject: tarım ekonomisi
  topic: disciplines
subject: turizm
  topic: disciplines
subject: kış turizmi
  topic: disciplines
subject: tarım ekonomis
  topic: disciplines
subject: kırsal turiz
  topic: disciplines
creator: DENİZ ÖZTÜRK
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain the copyright of their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-26
publication date: 2026-02-26
doi: 10.66529/agripat.2026.2.1.34